26 Dec 2005
Nishapur in encyclopedia "thefreedictionary"
( is a town in the province of Khorasan Khorasan (also spelled Khurasan and Khorassan; خراسان in Persian) is an area, located in eastern and northeastern Iran. The name Khorasan is Persian and is made up of parts which mean "where the sun arrives from". The name was given to the eastern province of Persia during the Sassanid empire.
in northeastern Iran Iran (Persian: ایران) is a Middle Eastern country located in Southwest Asia bordering Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Turkmenistan to the north, Pakistan and Afghanistan to the east, Turkey and Iraq to the west. Although locally known as Iran at least since the Sassanian period, until 1935 the country was referred to in the West as Persia.
, situated in a fertile plain at the foot of the Binalud Mountains, near the regional capital of Mashhad Mashhad (مشهد in Persian, is also spelled Meshed). It is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shi'ia world. It is located 850 kilometers East of Tehran, Iran (Persia), and the center of the province of Razavi Khorasan.
History
. The region's economy is largely agricultural, based on grain and cotton, and it is one of the most prosperous localities in Iran, although somewhat blighted by drug smuggling from nearby Afghanistan Afghanistan (Pashtu/Dari-Persian: افغانستان, Afğānistān) is a country in Asia. It is in Central Asia and fringes upon South Asia and is sometimes allocated to one of these regions and it is often considered part of the Middle East due to its location on the Iranian plateau.
In 1911 1911 was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar).
Events
January-June
January 1 - Northern Territory is separated from South Australia
January 3 - In London, in what becomes known as the Siege of Sidney Street, the Metropolitan Police and the Scots Guards engage in a shootout with a criminal gang of Latvian anarchists held up in a building in the East End.
. and in 1991 1991 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
EventsJanuary
January 2 - Sharon Pratt Dixon is sworn in as mayor of Washington, DC becoming the first black woman to lead a city of that size and importance.
January 4 - The United Nations Security Council votes unanimously to condemn Israel's treatment of Palestinians.
, it had a stable population of some 135,000 people. The main east-west railway line through Iran passes through the town. The region is very prone to earthquakes, with the most recent significant ones occurring in 1986 1986 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
EventsJanuary
January 1 - Spain and Portugal enter the European Community
January 1 - Aruba gains increased autonomy from the Netherlands and is separated from the Netherlands Antilles.
January 9 - After losing a patent battle with Polaroid, Kodak leaves the instant camera business.
and 1997 1997 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
DesignationsInternational organizations, including the United Nations, designated 1997 as the International Year of the Reef. EventsJanuary
January 5 - NBC's Today Show Bryant Gumbel signs off for the last time
Nishapur occupies an important strategic position astride the old Silk Road The Silk Road (Traditional Chinese: 絲綢之路; Simplified Chinese: 丝绸之路; pinyin: sī chóu zhī lù, Persian راه ابریشم Râh-e Abrisham) was an interconnected series of routes through Southern Asia traversed by caravan and ocean vessel, and connecting Chang'an (today's Xi'an), China, with Antioch, Syria, as well as other points. Its influence carried over into Korea and Japan.
that linked Anatolia and the Mediterranean with China. On the Silk Road, Nishapur has often defined the flexible frontier between the Iranian plateau and Central Asia. The town derived its name from its reputed founder, the Sassanian king Shapur I Shapur I, son of Ardashir I, was king of Persia from 241 to 272. The Persian legend which makes him the son of an Arsacid princess is not historical.
Offensive war against the Roman Empire
Ardashir I had towards the end of his reign renewed the war against the Roman Empire; Shapur conquered the Mesopotamian fortresses Nisibis and Carrhae and advanced into Syria; but he was driven back by Timesitheus, father-in-law of the young emperor, Gordian III, and defeated at Resaena in 243.
, who is said to have established it in the 3rd century 3rd century - 4th century
200s 210s 220s 230s 240s 250s 260s 270s 280s 290s EventsThe Sassanid dynasty of Persia launches a war to reconquer lost lands in the Roman east, 230 - 232
Crisis of the Third Century shakes Roman Empire
Emperor Valerian I is taken captive by the Persian King of Kings Shapur I, 260
CE. Nearby are the turquoise Turquoise (or turquois) is opaque, blue-to-green hydrated copper aluminium phosphate mineral according to the chemical formula CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·5H2O. It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been enjoyed as a gem and ornamental stone for thousands of years owing to its unique hue. In recent times turquoise—like most other opaque gems—has had its popularity undermined by the introduction of treatments, imitations, and synthetics onto the market, some difficult to detect even by experts.
mines that supplied the world with turquoises for at least two millennia. It became an important town in the Khorasan region but subsequently declined in significance until a revival in its fortunes in 9th century 9th century - 10th century
800s 810s 820s 830s 840s 850s 860s 870s 880s 890s
Events An unknown event causes the decline of the Maya Classical Era
Beowulf might have been written down in this century, though it could also have been in the 8th century
Reign of Charlemagne, and concurrent (and controversially labeled) Carolingian Renaissance in western Europe
Viking attacks on Europe begin
Oseberg ship burial
The Magyars arrive in what is now Hungary, forcing the Serbs and Bulgars south of the Danube.
under the Tahirid dynasty The Tahirid dynasty ruled the northeastern Persian region of Khorasan between AD 821-873. The Tahirid capital was Nishapur. Although nominally subject to the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad, the Tahirid rulers were effectively independent. The dynasty was founded by Tahir ibn Husayn, a leading general in the service of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun.
, when the glazed ceramics The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word Κεραμεικος (the name of a suburb of Athens), and in its strictest sense refers to clay in all its forms. However, modern usage of the term broadens the meaning to include all inorganic non-metallic materials. Up until the 1950s or so, the most important of these were the traditional clays, made into pottery, bricks, tiles and the like, along with cements and glass. The traditional crafts are described in the article on pottery. A composite material of ceramic and metal is known as cermet.
. of Nishapur formed an important item of trade to the west. For a time Nishapur rivaled Baghdad Baghdad (Arabic: بغداد) is the capital of Iraq and the Baghdad Province. It is the second-largest city in south-west Asia after Tehran, with the 2003 population estimated at 5,772,000. Situated on the Tigris River at 33°20′ N 44°26′ E , the city was once the center of Islamic civilization.
or Cairo Cairo (Arabic: القاهرة; transliterated: al-Qāhirah) is the capital city of Egypt (and previously the United Arab Republic) and has a metropolitan area population of approximately 15.2 million people. Cairo is the thirteenth most populous metropolitan area in the world. Cairo is located at 30°2' North, 31°13' East (30.03333, 31.21667). [1]
: Toghrül Toğrül (Tuğril or Toghrïl Beg; ca 990 - September 4 1063) was the third ruler of the Seljuk dynasty. He established the state called Great Seljuk and conquered Persia and Baghdad and expanded the borders of Great Seljuk Empire.
He ascended to power ca 1016. In 1025 he, his uncle Arslan and his brother Chaghri(Çağrı) served under the Kara-Khanids of Bukhara who was defeated by Mahmud of Ghaznavid and Toğrül was forced to flee to Khwarezm.
, the first ruler of the Seljuk Seljuk Turks (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq; in Turkish Selçuklu; in Arabic سلجوق Saljūq, or السلاجقة al-Salājiqa; in Persian سلجوقيان Saljūqiyān) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries. The Seljuks migrated from the north Iranian provinces in Central Asia into mainland Iran formerly known as Persia.
dynasty, made Nishapur his residence in 1037 EventsConstruction of the church of Saint Sophia Cathedral is started in Kyiv.
Ferdinand I of Castile and Leon becomes king of Spain.
Harold I seizes the crown of England from his half-brother Harthacanute.
George Maniaces begins campaign against the Arabs in Sicily.
BirthsSu Dongpo, Chinese poet (d.
and proclaimed himself sultan there, but it declined thereafter, as Seljuk fortunes were concentrated in the west. It was badly damaged by earthquakes and the Mongol invasion of the 13th century 13th century - 14th century
1200s 1210s 1220s 1230s 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s 1280s 1290s
As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages.
, which destroyed the pottery kilns.
The poet Omar Khayyám Omar Khayyám (May 18 1048 - December 4 1123, assumed dates) was born in Nishapur (or Naishapur) in Khorasan, Persia (Iran), and named Ghiyath al-Din Abu'l-Fath Umar ibn Ibrahim Al-Nisaburi al-Khayyami (al-Khayyami means "the tentmaker"). His name in Persian is "ع?? ????".
was born in Nishapur in 1048 EventsThe city of Oslo is founded by Harald Hardråde of Norway.
Battle of Pasinler - Seljuks defeat a force of Byzantines and Georgians
Benedict IX driven from Rome, ending his third and final pontificate
BirthsMay 18 - Omar Khayyám, Persian poet, astronomer, mathematician, and philosopher (d.
and is buried a few miles outside the town, near the Imamzadeh Mahroq Mosque. The 12th century poet and mystic Farid al-Din Attar Farid al-Din Attar (ca. 1142 - ca. 1230) (also spelled Fariduddin Attar) was born in Neishapour, in the Iranian province of Khorasan, and died in the same city. Some scholars believe he was killed during the raid and destruction of his city by the Mongol invaders. His tomb is in Neishapour.
Attar is one of the most famous mystic poets of Iran.
, another native of Nishapur, is also buried nearby. And Iran's greatest contemporary painter, Kamal-ol-molk Kamal-ol-Molk, Mohammad Ghaffari (also Kamal-al-Molk) was an Iranian painter. Born in 1847 in Kashan, Iran, he went to Tehran and studied at Dar-ol-Fonoon. His progress was so rapid that he became the royal painter of King Naseredddin Shah at the age of 18.
In 1896 the King sent him to Europe for continuation of his studies at the Louvre, Florence, and Versailles.
is buried in the same place.
Little archaeology has been done on this vast and complicated site. Lord Curzon The Most Honourable George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston (January 11, 1859 – March 20, 1925), was a conservative British statesman who served as Viceroy of India.
Eldest son of the 4th Baron Scarsdale, rector of Kedleston, Derbyshire, Curzon was educated at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford. At Oxford he was president of the Union, and after a brilliant university career was elected a fellow of All Souls College in 1883.
remarked that Nishapur had been destroyed and rebuilt more times than any other city in history, an evocative statement whether or not it is statistically true. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Metropolitan Museum of Art, often referred to simply as The Met, is one of the world's largest and most important art museums, located on the eastern edge of Central Park in Manhattan, New York, United States. It also comprises a building complex known as "The Cloisters" in Fort Tryon Park at the north end of Manhattan Island overlooking the Hudson River which features medieval art.
undertook excavations from 1935 that were interrupted in 1940. Searching largely for museum-worthy trophies that they shared with the government of the Shah His Imperial Majesty Reza Shah Pahlavi (Persian: رضا پهلوی), (March 16, 1877–July 26, 1944), Reza Shah the Great, was Shah of Persia (Iran) from 1925 until 1941. (The country had been known internationally as Persia until 1935, but Reza Shah then changed the name to Iran, the country's name in Persian/Farsi; see Iran/Persia naming controversy.)
, the Metropolitan's publications were limited to its own Nishapur ceramics. The site of Nishapur has been ransacked for half a century since World war II, to feed the international market demand for early Islamic works of art.
On February 18 February 18 is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 316 days remaining (317 in leap years). Events3102 BC - Epoch (origin) of the Kali Yuga- Lord Krishna leaves his mortal coil.
1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy.
, 2004, a train carrying flammable goods derailed and caught fire near the town. Five hours later, during fire fighting and rescue work, a massive explosion destroyed the train and many nearby buildings. Around 300 people were said to have been killed, mainly fire and rescue workers but also the local governor and mayor and the heads of the fire and rail services. [1]
26 Dec 2005
Nyshaboor from mashhad university
Neyshaboor city is 768 km. far from Tehran. It is located in a level plain. There are Binalood heights in the north and other heights in south-West. Its weather is temperate in plain and slightly cold in mountainous region.
This city was occupied in the year 652 AD. in the time of Osman and was one of the four large cities of Khorasan in Islam period. This city was so large that was called "Omol-Belad" (mother of cities) . In the Islamic period, this city was in such a greatness position that we can see its name on the coins which were coined in the time of Omavi Caliphate.
In the time of Ghaznavian and Saljooghian , Neyshabour was one of the most important cities of Khorasan. In the year 1249 AD. this city was completely destroyed by Mongols attack. Near the end of Mongol Ilkhanan, Neyshaboor was annexed to the territory of Sarbedaran dynasty. This city is one of the centers of Iranian civilization and art. So many poets and thinkers have appeared from this city. Moreover, this city has been in the course of Silk Road. The important historical sites of this city are as follows:
● Garmab Taghankooh and Shahan Garmab springs,
● Neyshaboor fire- temple,
● Tombs of Nezamolmolk Bekravi, Omar Khayam , Sheik Attar, Fazlebn -e-Shazan, and
● Kamalolmolk,
● Jome’ Mosque
● Seyed Ebrahim and Mahroogh Imamzadeh
● Ghadamgah mausoleum.
26 Dec 2005
Nishapur in Wikipedia
Nishapur (or Neyshâbûr; نیشابور in Persian) is a town in the province of Khorasan in northeastern Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot of the Binalud Mountains, near the regional capital of Mashhad.
The region's economy is largely agricultural, based on grain and cotton, and it is one of the most prosperous localities in Iran, although somewhat blighted by drug smuggling from nearby Afghanistan. In 2005 it had an estimated population of 215,940 people.[1] The main east-west railway line through Iran passes through the town. The region is very prone to earthquakes, with the most recent significant ones occurring in 1986 and 1997.
History
Tomb of Omar Khayyám, NeishaburNishapur occupies an important strategic position astride the old Silk Road that linked Anatolia and the Mediterranean with China. On the Silk Road, Nishapur has often defined the flexible frontier between the Iranian plateau and Central Asia. The town derived its name from its reputed founder, the Sassanian king Shapur I, who is said to have established it in the 3rd century CE. Nearby are the turquoise mines that supplied the world with turquoises for at least two millennia. It became an important town in the Khorasan region but subsequently declined in significance until a revival in its fortunes in 9th century under the Tahirid dynasty, when the glazed ceramics of Nishapur formed an important item of trade to the west. For a time Nishapur rivaled Baghdad or Cairo: Toghrül, the first ruler of the Seljuk dynasty, made Nishapur his residence in 1037 and proclaimed himself sultan there, but it declined thereafter, as Seljuk fortunes were concentrated in the west. It was badly damaged by earthquakes and the Mongol invasion of the 13th century, which destroyed the pottery kilns. In 1979, the 15th World Scout Jamboree should have been held in Nishapur. It was cancelled due to the Ayatollah usurping power from the Shah of Iran, destabilising Iran's political position.
Culture
Tomb of Kamal-ol-Molk, Neishabur.Nishapur is also home to many poets and cultural celebrities. The poet Omar Khayyám was born in Nishapur in 1048 and is buried a few miles outside the town, near the Imamzadeh Mahroq Mosque. The 12th century poet and mystic Farid al-Din Attar, another native of Nishapur, is also buried nearby. And Iran's greatest contemporary painter, Kamal-ol-molk is buried in the same place.
Archaeology sites
Little archaeology has been done on this vast and complicated site. Lord Curzon remarked that Nishapur had been destroyed and rebuilt more times than any other city in history, an evocative statement whether or not it is statistically true. The Metropolitan Museum of Art undertook excavations from 1935 that were interrupted in 1940. Searching largely for museum-worthy trophies that they shared with the government of the Shah, the Metropolitan's publications were limited to its own Nishapur ceramics. The site of Nishapur has been ransacked for half a century since World War II, to feed the international market demand for early Islamic works of art.
Recent incident
On February 18, 2004, a train carrying flammable goods derailed and caught fire near the town. Five hours later, during fire fighting and rescue work, a massive explosion destroyed the train and many nearby buildings. Around 300 people were said to have been killed, mainly fire and rescue workers but also the local governor and mayor and the heads of the fire and rail services.
